Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Shell and tube heat exchangers are a type of heat exchanger commonly used in various industrial processes for transferring heat between two fluids. As the name suggests, shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a shell (or outer vessel) and a series of tubes within the shell.
One fluid flows through the tubes, while the other fluid flows around the outside of the tubes within the shell. Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in various industries, including petrochemical, chemical, oil and gas, power generation, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and refrigeration. They are employed for applications such as cooling, heating, condensation, evaporation, and heat recovery.
The shell and tubes are typically made of metal alloys such as stainless steel, carbon steel, or titanium, depending on the specific application and requirements. The tubes are usually arranged in a bundle within the shell, with tube sheets at both ends to support and seal the tubes. The shell may have multiple passes for the fluid flowing around the tubes, increasing the heat transfer area and efficiency.
Shell and tube heat exchangers can have various flow configurations, including parallel flow, counterflow, and crossflow. In parallel flow, both fluids flow in the same direction, while in counterflow, they flow in opposite directions. Crossflow involves one fluid flowing perpendicular to the other.
Heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchangers occurs primarily through conduction across the tube walls. The temperature difference between the two fluids creates a thermal gradient across the tube walls, allowing heat to transfer from the hotter fluid to the cooler fluid. The efficiency of heat transfer depends on factors such as the design of the exchanger, flow rates, fluid properties, and fouling.
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